来源：维基百科

　　 杰克逊一瓦尼克修正案规定，在美国联邦法律 ，1974年通过的，旨在迫使苏联允许移民 ，特别是refuseniks ， 犹太人和其他宗教少数群体。

　　 The amendment, named after its major co-sponsors Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson of Washington in the Senate and Charles Vanik of Ohio in the House of Representatives , both Democrats , is contained in Title IV of the 1974 Trade Act .该修正案，其主要赞助商的名字命名的合作， 亨利M“东张西望”杰克逊对华盛顿的参议院和查尔斯瓦尼克的俄亥俄州的众议院的 ，无论民主党人 ，载于标题的第四1974年贸易法案 。 The amendment passed houses of the United States Congress unanimously. President Gerald Ford signed the bill into law with the adopted amendment on January 3, 1975.该修正案获得通过房屋的美国国会一致通过。 总统 杰拉尔德福特签署法案成为法律的1月3日通过的修正案，1975年。 It is still in force.它是仍然有效。

　　内容

　　该修正案否认最惠国地位的非某些国家的市场经济 ，限制移民，这被认为是人类的权利 。 Permanent normal trade relations can be extended to a country subject to the law only if the President determines that it complies with the freedom of emigration requirements of the amendment.永久正常贸易关系可以扩展到一个国家受到法律只有在总统确定它与修正案的移民要求自由的规定。 However, the President has the authority to grant a yearly waiver to the provisions of Jackson-Vanik, and these waivers were granted to the People's Republic of China starting in the late 1970s and later to Vietnam .但是，总统有权授予豁免每年到杰克逊瓦尼克的规定，这些被授予豁免人民共和国的中国在70年代后期开始，后来到越南 。

　　背景

　　在1972年的冷战和正在进行的阿以冲突的加剧，在勃列日涅夫政府实行谁收到了高等教育在苏联的所谓“文凭税收是移民”的一样。 While the professed justification for this tax was to repay state expenses for public education, this measure was designed to combat the brain drain caused by the growing emigration of Soviet Jews and other members of the intelligentsia to the West .虽然这项税收宣称的理由是为了偿还国家的公共教育费用，这项措施旨在打击人才外流造成的成员日益增长的移民和其他苏联犹太人知识分子向西方 。

　　This development caused international protests.这一事态发展引起国际社会的反对。 Twenty-one United States Nobel Laureates issued a public statement condemning it as a "massive violation of human rights."二十一美国诺贝尔奖获得者发表公开声明，谴责它作为一个权利的人“的大规模侵犯。” The Kremlin soon revoked the tax but imposed additional limitations, effectively choking off emigration, even for family reunification .在克里姆林宫 ，但很快被撤销施加额外的限制，有效地阻断移民，即使是税务与家人团聚 。 A case could languish for years in the OVIR (ОВиР) department of the MVD .一个案件可能持续疲弱多年的OVIR（ОВиР的）部门微血管密度 。 An often-cited but rarely explained official ground for the refusal to issue an emigration visa were " national security reasons."一个经常被引用，但很少正式地解释拒发签证的移民是“ 国家安全原因。“

　　影响

　　起初，杰克逊一瓦尼克修正案无助于自由苏联犹太人 。 The number of exit visas declined after the passing of the amendment, as the USSR felt the external pressure was harming its credibility.出境签证的人数下降后的修正案获得通过，作为苏联感到外部压力损害其信誉。 However, in the late-1980s Mikhail Gorbachev agreed to comply with the protocols of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe .然而，在八十年代后期戈尔巴乔夫同意遵守该协议的欧洲安全与合作组织 。

Since 1975 more than 500,000 refugees, many of whom were Jews, evangelical Christians , and Catholics from the former Soviet Union, have been resettled in the United States .自1975年以来更超过50万难民，其中许多是犹太人， 基督教福音派和天主教来自前苏联，已被重新安置在美国 。 An estimated one million Soviet Jews have immigrated to Israel in that time.据估计，百万苏联犹太人移民到以色列在这段时间。

Jackson-Vanik also led to great changes within the Soviet Union.杰克逊瓦尼克也导致了在苏联的巨大变化。 Other ethnic groups subsequently demanded the right to emigrate, and the ruling Communist Party had to face the fact that there was widespread dissatisfaction with its governance.随后要求其他族群的移民的权利，和执政的共产党不得不面对的事实，有其管治普遍不满。

Former Soviet dissident Natan Sharansky wrote in his 2004 book The Case for Democracy :前苏联持不同政见者夏兰斯基书中写了他在2004年争取民主的案例 ：

"... Kissinger saw Jackson's amendment as an attempt to undermine plans to smoothly carve up the geopolitical pie between the superpowers. It was. Jackson believed that the Soviets had to be confronted, not appeased . Andrei Sakharov was another vociferous opponent of détente . He thought it swept the Soviet's human rights record under the rug in the name of improved superpower relations.... One message he would consistently convey to these foreigners (the press) was that human rights must never be considered a humanitarian issue alone. For him, it was also a matter of international security. As he succinctly put it: "A country that does not respect the rights of its own people will not respect the rights of its neighbors." (p.3) “... 基辛格认为杰克逊破坏计划的修正案，企图瓜分顺利地缘政治的超级大国之间的馅饼。据。杰克逊认为，苏联人必须面对的，不姑息 。 安德烈萨哈罗夫是另一个对手的喧嚣缓和 。他认为席卷下，在改善关系的名字地毯超级大国苏联的人权纪录....他会坚持一个讯息传达给这些外国人（媒体）是，人权必须永远不会被视为是一个人道主义问题孤单。他来说，这也是国际安全的问题。正如他简洁地指出的那样：“一个国家不尊重本国人民的权利将不尊重其邻国的权利。”（小三）

　　Jackson-Vanik is still in force and applies to Russia , among other countries.杰克逊瓦尼克仍然有效，并适用于俄罗斯的国家，包括其他。 Critics of the amendment argue that with the end of the Cold War, Jackson-Vanik is a now merely counterproductive trade discrimination, but some still see it as instrumental in helping democracy take hold in Eastern Europe.修正案的批评者认为，随着冷战的结束，杰克逊瓦尼克现在仅仅是一种适得其反的贸易歧视，但仍有部分看到它有助于使民主在东欧举行。

　　On December 6, 2005 the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) urged the United States House of Representatives to delay approval of Ukraine 's graduation from the amendment. 6日，2005年反诽谤联盟 （ADL的）呼吁美国众议院推迟批准乌克兰的脱离修正案。 ADL National Director Abraham Foxman wrote: "We expect more from democratic states than we do from totalitarian ones. This year alone has seen a steep increase in acts of violence and vandalism against Jews across Ukraine. There have been attempts to ban everything from Jewish organizations to Jewish holy texts. The university MAUP ... actively promotes anti-Semitism of the most vicious kind." [1] ADL的国家主任两党制度亚伯拉罕说：“我们期待更多的民主国家比我们做的极权主义。仅在今年已经出现了乌克兰各地的犹太人急剧增加的暴力行为和破坏反对。曾有企图禁止一切从犹太组织犹太人的神圣文本。该大学MAUP ...积极推动反犹太主义的最恶意的。“ [1]

　　杰克逊瓦尼克和人民共和国的中国

　　直到中华人民共和国加入了向世界贸易组织于2001年12月中华人民共和国覆盖，杰克逊瓦尼克的规定。 Although the President of the United States, starting in the late 1970s, used the waiver provisions of the amendment to grant normal trade relations trade status, the existence of the amendment meant that there was a congressional effort to overturn this waiver each year, creating a yearly controversy especially during the 1990s after the Tiananmen protests of 1989 .虽然美国总统的美国，在20世纪70年代后期开始，用修正案的规定给予豁免正常贸易关系的贸易地位，修正案存在的意思，有一个国会放弃努力推翻这一每年创造一每年的争议，特别是在20世纪90年代后的1989年天安门抗议活动 。 Congress specifically removed the PRC from coverage by Jackson-Vanik in the late 1990s as part of its entry into the World Trade Organization, as the provisions of Jackson-Vanik were inconsistent with WTO rules.专门报道国会罢免了中华人民共和国的杰克逊瓦尼克在90年代末，作为其加入世界贸易组织的一部分，作为杰克逊瓦尼克的规定，与WTO规则不一致。

　　参考文献

杰克逊瓦尼克和俄罗斯的情况介绍 ，在白宫 ，新闻秘书办公室。 November 13, 2001. 2001年11月13日。

China and the WTO 中国与世贸组织

Involvement in the Soviet Jewry Movement — by Louis Rosenblum 参与苏联犹太人运动-由路易罗森布拉姆

Свободная эмиграция из СССР подготовлена в Кливленде (копия здесь: [2] ) СвободнаяэмиграцияизСССРподготовленавКливленде （копияздесь： [2] ）

Поправка, изменившая нашу судьбу. (копия здесь: [3] ) Поправка，и

зменившаянашусудьбу。 （копияздесь： [3] ）