The Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet Intelligentsia

        The question of Soviet intellectuals was a major issue of particularities in Soviet socialist construction. Whether the Soviet intelligentsia was for or against the Soviet Communist Party was virtually decisive on the success or failure of the Soviet socialist society. Together with the working class and the peasantry, the Soviet intellectuals had once created brilliant achievements in socialist construction and scored great victory in the Patriotic War as well as brilliant achievements in literary and art creations.
　　 However they were time and again suppressed and repudiated in political campaigns. Their status and roles never received adequate attention from the Soviet Communist Party leaderships. Under the strict control of administrative authorities and organizations, their role was never brought into full play. By the time of Gorbachev, due to errors of the reform principles, the political situation became chaotic. Eventually the Soviet intellectuals turned against the Soviet Communist Party, abandoning it together with the Soviet - type of socialism. This article gives a comprehensive exposition of the reasons why Soviet intellectuals eventually turned against the Soviet Communist Party!and the lessons to be drawn therefrom.

        How to Evaluate the Effects of the Soviet Communist Party in Economic Construction

        There have always been different views as to the relations between the effects of Soviet Communist Party in economic construction and the Party's collapse. This article clearly points out that a comprehensive and qualitative study of the effects achieved by the Soviet Communist Party in economic construction since it took power fully shows that we have every reason to believe that the Soviet Communist Party failed in economic construction.

        This found expression mainly in the following: (1) Due to the declining effects of the Soviet institutional pattern, the Soviet economic growth rate inevitably lowered progressively from high to low speed and from stagnation to crisis. (2) Due to institutional restraints, the backward economic growth model could hardly be changed over a long period of time; hence a prolonged period of backwardness with high inputs, low effects and lack of competitiveness. (3) The strategy of economic development mainly served armaments. The main purpose of production was not to improve people's material and cultural living standards, thus leading to serious imbalances in economic structure and serious unbalanced proportions. (4) Rigidity and dogmas in economic theory became an important factor obstructing economic restructuring and economic development.

        All these show that the economy under the rule of the Soviet Communist Party could not possibly embody the superiority of the socialist system. The Soviet Communist Party did not represent the advanced productive forces. This was to become an important reason for the collapse of the Soviet Communist Party.

        The Process of Russian Economic Transition and the Problems Encountered

        It is nearly a decade since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Although there appears a momentum of a turn for the better in the Russian economy, Russia has still failed to set up a stable and effective market economic order that will bring welfare guarantee to most of its residents. Its economic transition tasks remain to be fulfilled.The article first makes an integrated review and explanation of the economic transition process in Russia. On this basis, the article expounds the special features peculiar to the Russian social economic system in combination with the special environment in which the Russian social transition takes place. Meanwhile, the article analyzes the main contradictions and problems that Russia is to face from many aspects in the course of its heading for an effective market economy. These include the transfer of the basic economic system, the transfer of the economic operation mechanisms, the readjustment of economic and industrial structures, as well as the improvement of investment operational management.

        Security Dilemma and China - Russia Relations 　　China　Russia relations are at a good period of development. But certain features determine that security dilemma remains a hidden current in the relations between the two countries. They should be aware that this is an unavoidable "natural" phenomenon. Meanwhile, they should not be evasive over the issue, but attach great importance to it. The key is to extricate from the dilemma and find ways and means to reduce a mentality of mutual precautions. The only way for the two countries to realize common security and ease the dilemma is to continue to expand and deepen their all-directional cooperation.

        Gorchakov's Diplomacy Theory and Practice and Its Realistic Significance 　　The period when Gorchakov was active was a crucial one in which Russia found itself in a predicament of abrupt reforms. The diplomacy theory he championed and the practice he followed focused on how to safeguard the national interests of Russia under unfavorable conditions. He advocated a general foreign policy outlook that could be summarized as follows: Lie low, conserve strength and concentrate on domestic reforms. Take national interests as the highest principle, get rid of or reduce ideological influence from diplomacy. Employ flexible tactical means and alternate them with rigid principles. Carry out to the letter the set foreign policy goals unswervingly and dauntlessly. Take advantage of opportunities to upgrade the international status of Russia and play its role as a great power once again. The foreign policy legacy of Gorchakov is of great importance to Russia as it advocates and pushes a domestic priority strategy while pursuing a more sober - minded pragmatic foreign policy.

        A Tentative Analysis of the Relations between East European Ethnic Group Problems and Political Transition

        The centuries old occupation of East European countries by the Osman Turkey Empire and Austrian Harbsburg Dynasty resulted in a situation where most East European counties were inhabited by many ethnic groups. This was especially true following the carving up of their territories by Britain and France after World War I, and by the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II to feather their own nests. Plus the differences among ethnic groups in language, religion and cultural tradition and territorial claims, this further complicated the ethnic group contradictions. Where there were resistance put up by East European ethnic groups to Soviet control, there were also disputes among neighboring ethnic groups over national and territorial issues. Additionally there were ethnic group fights within individual countries.In the process of political transition in East Europe, national issues always followed like shadows. The claims for national equality and independence became an important motive force for political transition. The implementation of political transition and the imbalance of the original political pattern further stimulated national appeals and aggravated national conflicts. On the other hand, the extremely complicated national disputes inside and between the East European countries as well as the bloated nationalism, on their part, exerted influence on the process of political transition.